Preheat the Oven: Begin by setting your oven to 400°F and prepare a rimmed baking sheet by lining it with aluminum foil to make cleanup effortless.
Prepare the Fish: Place the branzino on the baking sheet. Drizzle 1 tablespoon of olive oil over each fish, coating both the skin and the cavity. Season the fish generously with salt and pepper, making sure to season both inside and out.
Add Filling: Cut the grapefruit into ¼-inch-thick slices, then divide each slice into four quarters (you’ll end up with 8 small pieces). Save any remaining grapefruit for later use. Stuff the fish cavities with the grapefruit pieces and fresh rosemary sprigs.
Roast the Fish: Place the baking sheet in the oven and roast the fish for about 20 minutes, or until the flesh becomes fully opaque and easily flakes when you gently press near the backbone.
Make the Tapenade: While the fish is roasting, prepare the tapenade by combining the chopped Kalamata olives, capers, parsley, scallions, and 2 teaspoons of olive oil in a small bowl. Mix well to blend all the flavors together.
Serve: Once the fish is cooked, carefully remove the meat from the backbone and divide it into four servings. Spoon the prepared tapenade over each portion. Squeeze the reserved grapefruit juice over the top for a fresh burst of flavor, then finish with an extra drizzle of olive oil before serving.